ubuntu

ubuntu

Ubuntu镜像下载

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http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/releases/ #ubuntu server(服务器版)
http://releases.ubuntu.com/ #ubuntu desktop(桌⾯版)

Ubuntu Server系统基础配置

更改主机名：

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#vim /etc/hostname
ubuntu-node.example.com

更改网卡名称为eth0

如果没有在安装系统之前传递内核参数将⽹卡名称更改为eth*，则可以在 安装系统之后使⽤以下⽅式修改

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#vim /etc/default/grub
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="net.ifnames=0 biosdevname=0"   #修改此行添加net.ifnames=0 biosdevname=0

#重新生成grub配置,并重启
update-grub   
reboot

配置root远程登录

默认情况下，ubuntu不允许root⽤⼾远程ssh，如果有实际场景需要允许 root⽤⼾远程ssh，则需要设置root密码，并且编辑 /etc/ssh/sshd_config ⽂件修改如下 :

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vim /etc/ssh/sshd_config
32 #PermitRootLogin prohibit-password  #默认为禁⽌登录
33 PermitRootLogin yes   #改为允许登录
57 #PasswordAuthentication yes
58 PasswordAuthentication yes #打开密码认证，其实默认就是允许通过密码认证登录

su - root #切换到root⽤户环境
passwd #设置密码
systemctl restart sshd #重启ssh服务并测试root⽤户远程ssh连接

Ubuntu 18.04网络配置

单网卡静态IP地址

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vim /etc/netplan/01-netcfg.yaml
network:
  version: 2
  renderer: networkd
  ethernets:
    eth0:
      dhcp4: no
      dhcp6: no
      addresses: [10.0.0.121/24]
      gateway4: 10.0.0.2
      nameservers:
        search: [neteagles.cn， neteagles.com]
        addresses: [223.5.5.5, 223.6.6.6]
#重启网络生效
netplan apply

#如果复制粘贴格式错位,可以取消vim⾃动缩进功能
vim ~/.vimrc 
set paste  #添加

配置多网卡静态IP

ubuntu 18.04配置多⽹卡静态IP以及静态路由

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vim /etc/netplan/01-netcfg.yaml
network:
  version: 2
  renderer: networkd
  ethernets:
    eth0:
      dhcp4: no
      dhcp6: no
      addresses: [10.0.0.121/24]
      gateway4: 10.0.0.2
      nameservers:
        search: [neteagles.cn， neteagles.com]
        addresses: [223.5.5.5, 223.6.6.6]
    eth1:
      dhcp4: no
      dhcp6: no
      addresses: [192.168.10.100/24]
      routes:
        - to: 172.20.0.0/16
          via: 192.168.10.2
        - to: 10.20.0.0/16
          via: 192.168.10.2
        - to: 10.2.0.0/16
          via: 192.168.10.2
        - to: 10.8.0.0/16
          via: 192.168.10.2
#重启网络
netplan apply

单网卡桥接

ubuntu 18.04的单⽹卡桥接配置

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#vim /etc/netplan/01-netcfg.yaml
network:
  version: 2
  renderer: networkd
  ethernets:
    eth0:
      dhcp4: no
      dhcp6: no
  bridges:
    br0:
      dhcp4: no
      dhcp6: no
      addresses: [172.18.3.18/16]
      gateway4: 172.18.0.1
      nameservers:
        addresses: [223.6.6.6]
      interfaces:
        - eth0
      
#netplan apply

多⽹卡桥接

ubuntu 18.04多⽹卡的桥接配置，将br0和br1分别桥接到eth0和eth1。

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#vim /etc/netplan/01-netcfg.yaml
network:
  version: 2
  renderer: networkd
  ethernets:
    eth0:
      dhcp4: no
      dhcp6: no
    eth0:
      dhcp4: no
      dhcp6: no
  
  bridges:
    br0:
      dhcp4: no
      dhcp6: no
      addresses: [172.18.3.18/16]
      gateway4: 172.18.0.1
      nameservers:
        addresses: [223.6.6.6]
      interfaces:
        - eth0
    br1:
      dhcp4: no
      dhcp6: no
      addresses: [10.20.3.18/16]
      routes:
        - to: 172.20.0.0/16
          via: 10.20.0.1
        - to: 10.20.0.0/16
          via: 10.20.0.1
        - to: 10.2.0.0/16
          via: 10.20.0.1
        - to: 10.8.0.0/16
          via: 10.20.0.1
        interfaces:
          - eth1

双⽹卡绑定

七种bond模式说明

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#第⼀种模式：mod=0，即：(balance-rr) Round-robin policy（平衡抡循环策略）
特点：传输数据包顺序是依次传输（即：第1个包⾛eth0，下⼀个包就⾛eth1….⼀直循环下去，直到最后⼀个传输完毕），此模式提供负载平衡和容错能⼒。

#第⼆种模式：mod=1，即： (active-backup) Active-backup policy（主-备份策略）
特点：只有⼀个设备处于活动状态，当⼀个宕掉另⼀个⻢上由备份转换为主设备。mac地址是外部可⻅得，从外⾯看来，bond的MAC地址是唯⼀的，以避免switch(交换机)发⽣混乱。此模式只提供了容错能⼒；由此可⻅此算法的优点是可以提供⾼⽹络连接的可⽤性，但是它的资源利⽤率较低，只有⼀个接⼝处于⼯作状态，在有 N 个⽹络接⼝的情况下，资源利⽤率为1/N。

#第三种模式：mod=2，即：(balance-xor) XOR policy（平衡策略）
特点：基于指定的传输HASH策略传输数据包。缺省的策略是：(源MAC地址 XOR⽬标MAC地址) % slave数量。其他的传输策略可以通过xmit_hash_policy选项指定，此模式提供负载平衡和容错能⼒。

#第四种模式：mod=3，即：broadcast（⼴播策略）
特点：在每个slave接⼝上传输每个数据包，此模式提供了容错能⼒。

#第五种模式：mod=4，即：(802.3ad) IEEE 802.3adDynamic link aggregation（IEEE 802.3ad 动态链接聚合）
特点：创建⼀个聚合组，它们共享同样的速率和双⼯设定。根据802.3ad规范将多个slave⼯作在同⼀个激活的聚合下。
必要条件：
条件1：ethtool⽀持获取每个slave的速率和双⼯设定。
条件2：switch(交换机)⽀持IEEE 802.3ad Dynamic link aggregation。
条件3：⼤多数switch(交换机)需要经过特定配置才能⽀持802.3ad模式。

#第六种模式：mod=5，即：(balance-tlb) Adaptive transmit load balancing（适配器传输负载均衡）
特点：不需要任何特别的switch(交换机)⽀持的通道bonding。在每个slave上根据当前的负载（根据速度计算）分配外出流量。如果正在接受数据的slave出故障了，另⼀个slave接管失败的slave的MAC地址。该模式的必要条件：ethtool⽀持获取每个slave的速率

#第七种模式：mod=6，即：(balance-alb) Adaptive load balancing（适配器适应性负载均衡）
特点：该模式包含了balance-tlb模式，同时加上针对IPV4流量的接收负载均衡(receive load balance, rlb)，⽽且不需要任何switch(交换机)的⽀持。

ubuntu 18.04的双⽹卡绑定配置

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需要提前安装好bridge命令
#vim /etc/netplan/01-netcfg.yaml
network:
  version: 2
  renderer: networkd
  ethernets:
    eth0:
      dhcp4: no
      dhcp6: no
    eth1:
      dhcp4: no
      dhcp6: no
  bonds:
    bond0:
      interfaces:
        - eth0
        - eth1
      addresses: [172.18.3.18/16]
      gateway4: 172.18.0.1
      nameservers:
        addresses: [223.6.6.6,223.5.5.5]
      parameters:
        mode: active-backup
        mii-monitor-interval: 100

#netplan apply

双⽹卡绑定+桥接

⽹卡绑定⽤于提供⽹卡接⼝冗余以及⾼可⽤和端⼝聚合功能，桥接⽹卡再 给需要桥接设备的服务使⽤

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#vim /etc/netplan/01-netcfg.yaml
network:
  version: 2
  renderer: networkd
  ethernets:
    eth0:
      dhcp4: no
      dhcp6: no
    eth1:
      dhcp4: no
      dhcp6: no
  bonds:
    bond0:
      interfaces:
        - eth0
        - eth1
      #addresses: [172.18.3.18/16]
      #gateway4: 172.18.0.1
      #nameservers:
        #addresses: [223.6.6.6,223.5.5.5]
      parameters:
        mode: active-backup
        mii-monitor-interval: 100
  bridges:
    br0:
      dhcp4: no
      dhcp6: no
      addresses: [172.18.3.18/16]
      gateway4: 172.18.0.1
      nameservers:
        addresses: [223.6.6.6,223.5.5.5]
      interfaces:
        - bond0
#reboot

内外多⽹卡绑定

多⽹络情况下实现⽹卡绑定

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#vim /etc/netplan/01-netcfg.yaml
network:
  version: 2
  renderer: networkd
  ethernets:
    eth0:
      dhcp4: no
      dhcp6: no
    eth1:
      dhcp4: no
      dhcp6: no
    eth2:
      dhcp4: no
      dhcp6: no
    eth3:
      dhcp4: no
      dhcp6: no
  bonds:
    bond0:
      interfaces:
        - eth0
        - eth1
      addresses: [172.18.3.18/16]
      gateway4: 172.18.0.1
      nameservers:
        addresses: [223.6.6.6,223.5.5.5]
      parameters:
        mode: active-backup
        mii-monitor-interval: 100
    bond1:
      interfaces:
        - eth2
        - eth3
      addresses: [10.20.3.18/16]
      parameters:
        mode: active-backup
        mii-monitor-interval: 100
      routes:
        - to: 172.20.0.0/16
          via: 10.20.0.1
        - to: 10.20.0.0/16
          via: 10.20.0.1
        - to: 10.2.0.0/16
          via: 10.20.0.1
        - to: 10.8.0.0/16
          via: 10.20.0.1

内⽹多⽹卡绑定+桥接

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#vim /etc/netplan/01-netcfg.yaml
network:
  version: 2
  renderer: networkd
  ethernets:
    eth0:
      dhcp4: no
      dhcp6: no
    eth1:
      dhcp4: no
      dhcp6: no
    eth2:
      dhcp4: no
      dhcp6: no
    eth3:
      dhcp4: no
      dhcp6: no
  bonds:
    bond0:
      interfaces:
        - eth0
        - eth1
      parameters:
        mode: active-backup
        mii-monitor-interval: 100
    bond1:
      interfaces:
        - eth2
        - eth3
      parameters:
        mode: active-backup
        mii-monitor-interval: 100
  bridges:
    br0:
      dhcp4: no
      dhcp6: no
      addresses: [172.18.3.18/16]
      gateway4: 172.18.0.1
      nameservers:
        addresses: [223.6.6.6,223.5.5.5]
      interfaces:
        - bond0
      br1:
        dhcp4: no
        dhcp6: no
        interfaces:
          - bond1
        addresses: [10.20.3.18/16]
        routes:
          - to: 172.20.0.0/16
            via: 10.20.0.1
          - to: 10.20.0.0/16
            via: 10.20.0.1
          - to: 10.2.0.0/16
            via: 10.20.0.1
          - to: 10.8.0.0/16
            via: 10.20.0.1

Ubuntu软件包管理

修改软件仓库

阿⾥云仓库地址：https://opsx.alibaba.com/mirror

中科⼤：http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/help/ubuntu.html

清华⼤学：https://mirror.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/help/ubuntu/

华为：https://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/

设置为清华源:

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18.04LTS:
Ubuntu 的软件源配置文件是 /etc/apt/sources.list。将系统自带的该文件做个备份，将该文件替换为下面内容:
# 默认注释了源码镜像以提高 apt update 速度，如有需要可自行取消注释
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse

# 预发布软件源，不建议启用
# deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse


20.04LTS:
# 默认注释了源码镜像以提高 apt update 速度，如有需要可自行取消注释
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse

# 预发布软件源，不建议启用
# deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-proposed main restricted universe multiverse

#更新软件源:
apt update

apt/apt-get

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apt list     #apt列出仓库软件包，等于yum list
apt search NAME    #搜索安装包
apt show apache2   #查看某个安装包的详细信息
apt install apache2   #在线安装软件包
apt remove apache2    #卸载单个软件包但是保留配置⽂件
apt autoremove apache2   #删除安装包并解决依赖关系
apt update   #更新本地软件包列表索引，修改了apt仓库后必须执⾏
apt purge apache2   #卸载单个软件包删除配置⽂件
apt upgrade   #升级所有已安装且可升级到新版本的软件包
apt full-upgrade    #升级整个系统，必要时可以移除旧软件包。
apt edit-sources    #编辑source源⽂件
apt-cache madison nginx    #查看仓库中软件包有哪些版本可以安装
apt install nginx=1.14.0-0ubuntu1.6    #安装软件包的时候指定安装具体的版本,配合apt-cache madison使用

dpkg安装包管理

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dpkg -i gitlab-ce_11.9.8-ce.0_amd64.deb   #安装某个软件包
dpkg -r gitlab-ce     #删除某个软件包保留配置⽂件
dpkg -r -P gitlab-ce  #删除某个软件包不保留配置⽂件
dpkg -I gitlab-ce_11.9.8-ce.0_amd64.deb  #查看软件包信息
dpkg -c gitlab-ce_11.9.8-ce.0_amd64.deb  #查看软件包内的⽂件及⽬录内容
dpkg -l  #列出本机已经安装的所有软件
dpkg -L tree #列出已安装软件包的⽂件

设置oracle JDK环境

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#进入目录中,解压⼆进制⽂件并设置软连接：
cd /usr/local/src
tar xf jdk-8u212-linux-x64.tar.gz
ln -sv /usr/local/src/jdk1.8.0_212 /usr/local/jdk
#配置环境变量： 
vim /etc/profile
export JAVA_HOME=/usr/local/jdk
export PATH=$JAVA_HOME/bin:$JAVA_HOME/jre/bin:$PATH 
export CLASSPATH=.$CLASSPATH:$JAVA_HOME/lib:$JAVA_HOME/jre/lib:$JAVA_HOME/lib/tools.jar
#重新导⼊环境变量并验证：
source /etc/profile
java -version

安装OpenJDK：

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apt install openjdk-8-jdk

安装常用系统命令：

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apt install purge ufw lxd lxd-client lxcfs lxc-common
apt install iproute2 ntpdate tcpdump telnet traceroute nfs-kernel-server nfs-common lrzsz tree openssl libssl-dev libpcre3 libpcre3-dev zlib1g-dev ntpdate tcpdump telnet traceroute gcc openssh-server lrzsz tree openssl libssl-dev libpcre3 libpcre3-dev zlib1g-dev ntpdate tcpdump telnet traceroute iotop unzip zip libevent-dev

apt install procps (top 命令)
apt install iputils-ping (ping 命令)
apt install net-tools (网络工具)

系统资源限制优化

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#ubuntu需要root和普通用户都要设置,centos只要设置星号的就行
vim /etc/security/limits.conf
#root账⼾的资源软限制和硬限制
root   soft   core      unlimited
root   hard   core      unlimited
root   soft   nproc     1000000
root   hard   nproc     1000000
root   soft   nofile    1000000
root   hard   nofile    1000000
root   soft   memlock   32000
root   hard   memlock   32000
root   soft   msgqueue  8192000
root   hard   msgqueue  8192000

#其他账⼾的资源软限制和硬限制
*      soft   core      unlimited
*      hard   core      unlimited
*      soft   nproc     1000000
*      hard   nproc     1000000
*      soft   nofile    1000000
*      hard   nofile    1000000
*      soft   memlock   32000
*      hard   memlock   32000
*      soft   msgqueue  8192000
*      hard   msgqueue  8192000

内核参数优化

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vim /etc/sysctl.conf
net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter = 1
net.ipv4.ip_nonlocal_bind = 1
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1

# Do not accept source routing
net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route = 0

# Controls the System Request debugging functionality of the kernel
kernel.sysrq = 0

# Controls whether core dumps will append the PID to the core filename.
# Useful for debugging multi-threaded applications.
kernel.core_uses_pid = 1

# Controls the use of TCP syncookies
net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1

# Disable netfilter on bridges.
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables = 1
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables = 1
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-arptables = 1

# Controls the default maxmimum size of a mesage queue
kernel.msgmnb = 65536

# # Controls the maximum size of a message, in bytes
kernel.msgmax = 65536

# Controls the maximum shared segment size, in bytes
kernel.shmmax = 68719476736

# # Controls the maximum number of shared memory segments,in pages
kernel.shmall = 4294967296

# TCP kernel paramater
net.ipv4.tcp_mem = 786432 1048576 1572864
net.ipv4.tcp_rmem = 4096 87380 4194304
net.ipv4.tcp_wmem = 4096 16384 4194304
net.ipv4.tcp_window_scaling = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_sack = 1

# socket buffer
net.core.wmem_default = 8388608
net.core.rmem_default = 8388608
net.core.rmem_max = 16777216
net.core.wmem_max = 16777216
net.core.netdev_max_backlog = 262144
net.core.somaxconn = 20480
net.core.optmem_max = 81920

# TCP conn
net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog = 262144
net.ipv4.tcp_syn_retries = 3
net.ipv4.tcp_retries1 = 3
net.ipv4.tcp_retries2 = 15

# tcp conn reuse
net.ipv4.tcp_timestamps = 0
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse = 0
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_recycle = 0
net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_max_tw_buckets = 20000
net.ipv4.tcp_max_orphans = 3276800
net.ipv4.tcp_synack_retries = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1

# keepalive conn
net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_time = 300
net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_intvl = 30
net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_probes = 3
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 10001 65000

# swap
vm.overcommit_memory = 0
vm.swappiness = 10

#net.ipv4.conf.eth1.rp_filter = 0
#net.ipv4.conf.lo.arp_ignore = 1
#net.ipv4.conf.lo.arp_announce = 2
#net.ipv4.conf.all.arp_ignore = 1
#net.ipv4.conf.all.arp_announce = 2

Ubuntu Desktop版本使用

环境配置

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1、设置软件源及安装常⽤命令：
https://opsx.alibaba.com/mirror

sudo apt install build-essential cmake pkg-config qt4-qmake libqt4-dev desktop-file-utils \
libavformat-dev libavcodec-dev libavutil-dev libswscale-dev libasound2-dev libpulse-dev libjack-jackd2-dev \
libgl1-mesa-dev libglu1-mesa-dev libx11-dev libxfixes-dev libxext-dev libxi-dev libxinerama-dev

2、系统更新及配置中⽂语⾔环境：

3、安装搜狗拼⾳输⼊法
https://pinyin.sogou.com/linux/?r=pinyin

4、安装转码器ffmpeg：
多媒体视频处理⼯具FFmpeg有⾮常强⼤的功能包括视频采集功能、视频格式转
换、视频抓图、给视频加⽔印等。
sudo apt-get install ffmpeg

5、安装视频播放器： smplayer
https://www.jianshu.com/p/f24252c632d0
sudo apt-get install smplayer

6、办公软件WPS：
https://www.wps.cn/product/wpslinux

7、单机VNC⼯具:
x11vnc server

8、RealVNC v6.6：
⽀持多个⽤⼾同时连接
https://www.realvnc.com/en/connect/download/vnc/linux/

9、⽂本编辑器：
visual studio code

10、markdown⼯具：
https://www.typora.io/#linux
sudo apt-get install typora=0.9.60-1

11、Ubuntu 桌⾯3D特效：
sudo apt-get install compiz-plugins compizconfig-settings-manager

12、左侧菜单在底栏显⽰：
~$ gsettings set com.canonical.Unity.Launcher launcher-position Bottom

13、VMware workstion桥接⽹卡设置
https://kb.vmware.com/s/article/287?lang=zh_CN
chmod a+rw /dev/vmnet0   #解决⽹卡桥接不通问题

14、远程⼯具:
SecureCRT

15、python开发：
pycharm

16、java开发：
Eclipse
Intellij IDEA